Reproductive strategies in the persistence of polymorph clover, an amphicarpic species
Abstract
Amphicarpic plants produce aerial and subterranean fruits on the same plant. Trifolium polymorphum Poir. is an amphicarpic legume that also reproduces vegetatively by regrowing storage roots. Because of this, resource allocation information for different reproductive strategies is of great interest. In this study, the production of aerial and subterranean seeds and storage roots was evaluated in populations of T. polymorphum. The Pinheiro Machado and Eldorado do Sul populations produced on average the highest (165.50) and lowest (61.87) number of inflorescences per plant, respectively. Total aerial seed production did not differ between populations. Aerial flowers produced more seeds than subterranean flowers. There were positive correlations between number of inflorescences and total aerial seeds (r = 0.73), the number of subterranean legumes and total subterranean seeds (0.94) and between number and weight of storage roots (r = 0.83). Amphicarpy associated with vegetative reproduction is an important strategy for the persistence and increase frequency of T. polymorphum in the natural pastures of the Rio Grande do Sul, where intense grazing and trampling can destroy periodically the aerial part of the plants.
Downloads
References
AKASH, A.; ARCHANA, H.R.; PRATHAP, V. Seed Deterioration: Physiological and Biological Changes. Just agriculture, v. 3, p. 1-5, 2002.
BARRET, S.C.H. Understanding plant reproductive diversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, v.365, p. 99-109, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0199.
BASKIN, C.C.; BASKIN, J.M. Breaking seed dormancy during dry storage: a useful tool or major problem for successful restoration via direct seeding? Plants, v. 9, p. 636, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050636.
BASKIN, C.C.; BASKIN, J.M. Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. 2nd ed., San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2014, 1600p.
BORGER, C.P.D.; WILKINS, N. Subterranean and aerial seed production of southern threecornerjack (Emex australis).Weed Science, v. 70, p. 569-578, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2022.44.
BEWLEY, J.D. et al. Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy, 3. ed. New York, Springer–Verlag, 2013. 392p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4693-4.
BURKART, A. Flora ilustrada de Entre Rios. Colección Científica del INTA, Buenos Aires, v.2, 1987, 763p.
CHEPLICK, G.P.; QUINN, J.A. The role of seeds depth, litter, and fire in the seedling establishment of amphicarpic peanut grass (Amphicarphum purshii). Oecologia, v. 73, p. 459-464, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00385265.
CHEPLICK, G.P. Life history evolution in amphicarpic plants. Plant Species Biology, v. 9, p. 119–131, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1994.tb00092.x.
COLL, J.; ZARZA, A. Leguminosas nativas promisorias. Trébiol polimorfo y babosita. Montevideo: Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), 1992. 10p.
CONTERATO, I.F. et al. Amphicarpy in Trifolium argentinense: morphological characterization, seed production, reproductive behavior and life strategy. Australian Journal of Botany, v. 61, p. 119-127, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT12321.
CONTERATO, I.F.; SCHIFINO-WITTMANN, M.T. Estratégias reprodutivas da espécie anficárpica Trifolium polymorphum Poir. Enciclopedia Biosfera, v. 10, p. 2213-2222, 2014.
CONTERATO, I.F. et al. Trifolium polymorphum: an amphicarpic species with an interesting reproductive biology. Brazilian Journal of Botany, v. 42, p. 681–687, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-019-00570-x.
CONTERATO, I.F. et al. Morphoagronomic characterization and reproductive versatility in polymorph clover. Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha, v. 29, p. 92-102, 2023. https://doi.org/10.36812/pag.202329192-102.
CONTERATO, I.F.; MARTINS, J.G.; DAVID, D.B. Produção de sementes em Trifolium polymorphum e T. argentinense em ambiente protegido. Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha, v.26, p. 312-318, 2020. https://doi.org/10.36812/pag.2020261312-318.
DALLA RIZZA, M. et al. Genetic diversity and DNA content of three South American and three Eurasiatic Trifolium species. Genetic and Molecular Biology, v. 40, p. 1118-1124, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572007000600015.
EBONE, L.A.; CAVERZAN, A.; CHAVARRIA, G. Physiologic alterations in orthodox seeds due to deterioration processes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 145, p. 34–42, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.028.
IGANCI, J.R.V.; VINCENT, M.A.; MIOTTO, S.T.S. Trifolium in Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, 2020. Available from: https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB104703. Accessed: April 10, 2024.
KAUL, V.; KOUL, A.K.; SCHARMA, M.C. The underground flower. Current Science, v. 78, p. 39-44, 2000.
KUMAR, P.S.; LAWN, R.J.; BIELIG, L.M. Comparative studies on reproductive structures in four amphicarpic tropical Phaseoleae legumes. Crop and Pasture Science, v. 63, p. 570-581, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP12213.
LEWIS, G. et al. Legumes of the world. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, 2005. 577p.
MCDONALD, M.B. Seed deterioration: physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Science Technology, v. 27, p. 177–237, 1999.
MCLELLAN, A. J.; PRATI, D.; KALTZ, O. et al. Structure and analysis of phenotypic and genetic variation in clonal plants. In: DE KROON, H.; GROENENDAEL, J. VAN (Eds.), The ecology and evolution of clonal plants. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 1997. p. 185-210.
MORAES, C.O.C.; PAIM, N.R.; NABINGER, C. Avaliação de leguminosas do gênero Trifolium. Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha, v. 24, p. 813-818, 1989.
NAM, J.M.; KIM, J.H.; KIM, J.G. Effects of light intensity and plant density on growth and reproduction of the amphicarpic annual Persicaria thunbergii. Aquatic Botany, v. 142, p. 119-122, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2017.03.004.
REAL D, et al. Breeding system of the aerial flowers in an amphicarpic clover species: Trifolium polymorphum. Crop Science, v. 47, p. 1401-1406, 2007. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.11.0744.
RODRÍGUES-RIAÑO, T. et al. Demographic study of a peripheral population of the rare amphicarpic species Scrophularia arguta. Global Ecology and Conservation, v. 38, e02265, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02265.
SCHULTZE-KRAFT, R. et al. Potential de Centrosema rotundifolium como leguminosa forragera. Pasturas Tropicales, v. 16, p. 2-8, 1994.
SPERONI, S. et al. Intrafloral phenology of Trifolium polymorphum Poir. (Leguminosae). Acta Botanica Brasilica, v. 23, p. 881-888, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062009000300029.
SPERONI, G.; IZAGUIRRE, P. Características biológicas de la leguminosa nativa promisoria forrajera Trifolium polymorphum Poir. (Fabaceae, Faboideae). Agrociencia, v. 7, p. 68–76, 2003.
SPERONI, G.; IZAGUIRRE, P.; BERNARDELLO, G. Sobre las causas ontogenéticas de la productividad diferencial de semillas em la espécie anficarpica Trifolium polymorphum (Leguminosae). Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, v. 45, p. 57-72, 2010.
SPERONI, G. et al. Reproductive versatility in legumes: the case of amphicarpy in Trifolium polymorphum. Plant Biology, v. 16, p. 690-696, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12113.
TRAPP, E.J. Dispersal of heteromorphic seeds in Amphicarpaea bracteata (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany, v. 75, p. 1535-1539, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb11227.x.
YANG, Y.Y.; KIM, J.G. The optimal balance between sexual and asexual reproduction in variable environments: a systematic review. Jounal of Ecology and Environment, v. 40, p. 1-18, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41610-016-0013-0.
ZHANG, K. et al. Lack if divergence in seed ecology of two Amphicarpaea (Fabaceae) species disjunct between eastern Asia and eastern North America. The American Journal of Botany, v. 102, p. 1-10, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500069.
ZHANG, K. et al. Amphicarpic plants: definition, ecology, geographic distribution, systematics, life history, evolution and use in agriculture. Biological Reviews, v. 95, p. 1442-1466, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12623.
ZOHARY, M.; HELLER, D. The Genus Trifolium L. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1984. 606p.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors declare that the work has not been previously published, nor sent simultaneously for publication in another journal and that they agree with the submission, content and transfer of the publication rights of the article in question to the scientific journal Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha - PAG. The authors assume full responsibility for the originality of the article, and may incur on them any charges arising from claims by third parties in relation to the authorship of the article. The full reproduction of the journal's articles in other free-to-use electronic media is permitted under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
